Feathers are epidermal growths that form the distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on birds. They are considered the most complex integumentary structures found in vertebrates[1][2] and a premier example of a complex evolutionary novelty.[3]They are among the characteristics that distinguish the extant birds from other living groups.[4]
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
The ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris) is a species of hummingbird that generally spends the winter in Central America and migrates to Eastern North America for the summer to breed. It is by far the most common hummingbird seen east of the Mississippi River in North America.
There are two basic types of feather: vaned feathers which cover the exterior of the body, and down feathers which are underneath the vaned feathers. The pennaceous feathers are vaned feathers. Also called contour feathers, pennaceous feathers arise from tracts and cover the entire body. A third rarer type of feather, the filoplume, is hairlike and (if present in a bird; they are entirely absent in ratites[11]) are closely associated with contour feathers and are often entirely hidden by them, with one or two filoplumes attached and sprouting from near the same point of the skin as each contour feather, at least on a bird’s head, neck and trunk.[12][13] In some passerines, filoplumes arise exposed beyond the contour feathers on the neck.[1] The remiges, or flight feathers of the wing, and rectrices, the flight feathers of the tail are the most important feathers for flight. A typical vaned feather features a main shaft, called the rachis. Fused to the rachis are a series of branches, or barbs; the barbs themselves are also branched and form the barbules. These barbules have minute hooks called barbicels for cross-attachment. Down feathers are fluffy because they lack barbicels, so the barbules float free of each other, allowing the down to trap air and provide excellent thermal insulation. At the base of the feather, the rachis expands to form the hollow tubular calamus (or quill) which inserts into a follicle in the skin. The basal part of the calamus is without vanes. This part is embedded within the skin follicle and has an opening at the base (proximal umbilicus) and a small opening on the side (distal umbilicus).[14]
