Latrodectus is a genus of spiders in the family Theridiidae, most of which are commonly known as widow spiders. The genus contains 31 recognized species[2] distributed worldwide, including the North American black widows (L. mactans, L. hesperus, and L. variolus), the button spiders of Africa, and the Australian redback spider. Species vary widely in size. In most cases, the females are dark-coloured and readily identifiable by reddish markings on the abdomen, which are often (but not always) hourglass-shaped.
The venomous bite of these spiders is considered particularly dangerous because of the neurotoxin latrotoxin, which causes the condition latrodectism, both named after the genus. The female black widow has unusually large venom glands and its bite can be particularly harmful to humans. However, despite the genus’ notoriety, Latrodectus bites are rarely fatal. Only female bites are dangerous to humans.
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The anatomy of spiders includes many characteristics shared with other arachnids. These characteristics include bodies divided into two tagmata (sections or segments), eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the presence of chelicerae and pedipalps, simple eyes, and an exoskeleton, which is periodically shed.
Spiders also have several adaptations that distinguish them from other arachnids. All spiders are capable of producing silk of various types, which many species use to build webs to ensnare prey. Most spiders possess venom, which is injected into prey (or defensively, when the spider feels threatened) through the fangs of the chelicerae. Male spiders have specialized pedipalps that are used to transfer sperm to the female during mating. Many species of spiders exhibit a great deal of sexual dimorphism.[1]
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A pseudoscorpion, also known as a false scorpion or book scorpion, is an arachnidbelonging to the order Pseudoscorpiones, also known as Pseudoscorpionida or Chelonethida.
Pseudoscorpions are generally beneficial to humans since they prey on clothes moth larvae, carpet beetle larvae, booklice, ants, mites, and small flies. They are tiny and inoffensive, and are rarely seen due to their small size, despite being common in many environments. Pseudoscorpions often carry out phoresy, a form of commensalism in which one organism uses another for the purpose of transport.
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The jumping spider family (Salticidae) contains over 600 described genera and more than 5800 described species,[1] making it the largest family of spiders with about 13% of all species.[2] Jumping spiders have some of the best vision among arthropods and use it in courtship, hunting, and navigation. Although they normally move unobtrusively and fairly slowly, most species are capable of very agile jumps, notably when hunting, but sometimes in response to sudden threats or crossing long gaps. Both their book lungs and tracheal system are well-developed, and they use both systems (bimodal breathing). Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes, with the anterior median pair being particularly large.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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Oribatida (formerly Cryptostigmata), also known as moss mites or beetle mites,[1] are an order of mites, in the “chewing Acariformes” cladeSarcoptiformes. They range in size from 0.2 to 1.4 millimetres (0.008 to 0.055 in).[1]
Oribatid mites generally have low metabolic rates, slow development and low fecundity.[1]Species are iteroparous with adults living a relatively long time; for example, estimates of development time from egg to adult vary from several months to two years in temperate forestsoils.[1] Oribatid mites have six active instars: prelarva, larva, 3 nymphal instars and the adult.[1] All these stages after the prelarva feed on a wide variety of material including living and dead plant and fungal material, lichens and carrion; some are predatory, but none is parasitic and feeding habits may differ between immatures and adults of the same species.
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In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasites can be microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa,[1][2]viruses, and bacteria.[3] Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.
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In biology/ecology, parasitism is a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host. Traditionally parasite (in biological usage) referred primarily to organisms visible to the naked eye, or macroparasites (such as helminths). Parasites can be microparasites, which are typically smaller, such as protozoa,[1][2]viruses, and bacteria.[3] Examples of parasites include the plants mistletoe and cuscuta, and animals such as hookworms.
