Galls or cecidia are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants or animals. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths[1] of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from fungi and bacteria, to insects and mites. Plant galls are often highly organized structures and because of this the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to some insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology.
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A dragonfly is an insect belonging to the order Odonata, infraorderAnisoptera (from Greekἄνισος anisos, “uneven” and πτερόν pteron, “wing”, because the hindwing is broader than the forewing). Adult dragonflies are characterized by large, multifaceted eyes, two pairs of strong, transparent wings, sometimes with coloured patches, and an elongated body. Dragonflies can be mistaken for the related group, damselflies (Zygoptera), which are similar in structure, though usually lighter in build; however, the wings of most dragonflies are held flat and away from the body, while damselflies hold the wings folded at rest, along or above the abdomen. Dragonflies are agile fliers, while damselflies have a weaker, fluttery flight. Many dragonflies have brilliant iridescent or metallic colours produced by structural coloration, making them conspicuous in flight. An adult dragonfly’s compound eyes have nearly 24,000 ommatidia each.
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Dragonflies are generally larger, and perch with their wings held out to the sides; damselflies have slender bodies, and hold their wings over the body at rest.
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The caddisflies, or orderTrichoptera, are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the basis of the adult mouthparts. Integripalpian larvae construct a portable casing to protect themselves as they move around looking for food, while Annulipalpian larvae make themselves a fixed retreat in which they remain, waiting for food to come to them. The affinities of the small third suborder Spicipalpiaare unclear, and molecular analysis suggests it may not be monophyletic. Also called sedge-flies or rail-flies, the adults are small moth-like insects with two pairs of hairy membranous wings. They are closely related to the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) which have scales on their wings; the two orders together form the superorder Amphiesmenoptera.
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The cicadas (/sɪˈkɑːdə/ or /sɪˈkeɪdə/) are a superfamily, the Cicadoidea, of insects in the order Hemiptera (true bugs). They are in the suborder Auchenorrhyncha,[a] along with smaller jumping bugs such as leafhoppers and froghoppers. It is divided into the Tettigarctidae, with two species in Australia, and Cicadidae, with more than 1,300 species described from around the world; many undescribed species remain.
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Wasps in the family Pompilidae are commonly called spider wasps or pompilid wasps.[1]The family is cosmopolitan, with some 5,000 species in six subfamilies.[2] All species are solitary, and most capture and paralyze prey, though members of the subfamily Ceropalinae are cleptoparasites of other pompilids, or ectoparasitoids of living spiders.[3]
In South America, species may be referred to colloquially as marabunta or marimbondo, though these names can be generally applied to any very large stinging wasps. Furthermore, in some parts of Venezuela and Colombia, it is called matacaballos, or “horse killers”, while in Brazil some particular bigger and brighter species of the general marimbondo kind might be called fecha-goela, or “throat locker”.
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Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page
Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page
Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page
Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page
Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page
Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
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This product has multiple variants. The options may be chosen on the product page
Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.
Neuropterans first appeared during the PermianPeriod, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic Era.[2] During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct familyKalligrammatidae, often referred to as “the butterflies of the Jurassic” due to their large, patterned wings.[3]
